From Modularized to End-to-end Model
-
Detection
-
Object
tracking -
Late fusion
-
Prediction
-
Decision
-
Planning
-
Control
-
Mapping
-
Localization
-
Prediction
-
Mapping
-
Localization
-
Decision
-
Planning
-
Multi-sensor
fusion -
Control
General Perception Net
Prediction Planning Net
Control
Initial road test of end-to-end model
Deploy VLA Model on consumer cars
Rule-based
More engineering,
adequate data
- 2017
- 2022
- 2023
- 2025
Learning-based